Vector and Pest Management : Cockroaches.

WHAT IS COCKROACHES?

Cockroaches is member class of Insecta and three-stage life cycle consisting egg, nymph and adult. In addition, harbor in cracks and crevices in and around human habitats, they travel between sources of disease pathogens such as toilet, sewers, garbage and food intended for human consumption. Cockroaches carried Salmonella typhimurium, Entamoeba histolytica and virus for poliomyelitis. they also carry the organisms on their feet, body hairs and mouthparts and their intestines. They eat almost anything such as cereals, bakery products and bookbinding's and they also upon beer, cheese and dead animals. 

Cockroaches vomit partly digested food from their mouth and defecate while feeding, both of which are loaded with microorganisms. They also do not fly but can move by gliding motion and most of cockroaches are active at night, appearing during daylight only if disturbed or very hungry.

DID YOU KNOW?

• Cockroaches have been around since the time of dinosaurs.
• They can live almost a month without food and two weeks without water.
• Some of female cockroaches only mate once and stay pregnant for life!
• They also can live for up to one week without head! and hold their breath for up to 40 minutes.
• Can run up to 3 miles an hour.

TYPES OF COCKROACHES.

Has many type of cockroaches, some of them is American cockroaches, German cockroaches and Oriental cockroaches.

American Cockroaches.

• The largest of the cockroaches pest species, the body of an adult American cockroaches is 1.5 to 2 inches in length. Color of American cockroaches is reddish brown, with a yellowish band behind the head. 
• Habitat for American cockroaches is subfloor, basement, in sewers and other warm, dark, moist location. They avoid cold areas but will thrive outdoors in temperatures above 80F. Indoors they often congregate around hot water pipes, fridge motors, boilers and other heating appliances.
• Rapid breeding cycle, the female life span up to 1.5 years and incubation period of eggs 6 to 8 weeks.

German Cockroaches.

• Most common found in restaurants, homes and hotels. German cockroaches are "brought in" usually on man's belongings, luggage, boxes or packages.
• German Cockroaches adult are 1/2 inch- 5/8 inch long, light to medium brown with 2 dark distinctive stripes behind the head and the young are wingless, smaller and much darker color with a light stripe on their backs.
• will eat anything and will stay close to food and water sources.
• usually occur in bathrooms and kitchens, they like to hide-out during the day in tight secure places.
• Daytime haborages areas are usually near a food and moisture source such as inside wall cavities, behind baseboards, crack and etc.

Oriental Cockroaches.

• Dark brown or black species, less domesticated than most species.
• They habitats include sewers, damp basement, outbuilding etc. They have strong and repulsive odor.
• Longest life cycle.

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Vector and Pest Management : Introduction.

HISTORY...

Salt, smoke and insect repellent plants can keep away organism and preserve food. 5,000 years ago the Summarians controlled insects and mite with sulphur. In addition, Greeks and Romans used oil sprays, ash, sulphur ointment and lime to protect themselves, livestock and crop pests. Romans also burned field and rotated crops to reduce crop diseases.

2,500 years ago, Chinese used mercury and arsenic to controlled body lice and other pest. Besides that, Chinese plant desired insecticides and predatory ants to control caterpillars 1,200 years ago. Next, ducks and geese were used to catch insect and control weeds. To control and catch rats and mice, Malaysia used cat.

TYPES OF PEST.

• WELCOME PEST.

Welcome pest such as bees, flies and butterflies that carried pollen from plant to plant and that also help to pollinate flowers and crops. Next, ladybirds to eat caterpillars that kill plants. Moth, dung beetles can clean up animal dropping and the rotting bodies of dead animals. other example is honey bee, provide honey to eat and beeswax to polish furniture.

• UNWELCOME PEST.

Unwelcome pest such as mosquitoes can spread diseases, eg: malaria, dengue fever and etc. Secondly is bees, wasps and hornets, its painful sting and dangerous to some people. other unwelcome pests is termites and woodworms, damage furniture and buildings and Colorado beetles can eat and ruin potato crops. Next, Cockroaches can infest food stores and spread germs and Rodents can transmit disease and destroy material, eg: Leptospirosis, food poisoning and etc.

WHAT IS VECTOR?

Vector is any insects or arthropod, rodent, or other animal which capable causing discomfort, injury or capable of harboring or transmitting the causative agents of disease to humans or domestic animals. Example of vector are such as, mosquitoes, cockroaches, flies, fleas and ticks are vectors of disease.

WHAT IS PEST?

Pests are living things which can be troublesome and unwanted. Some of pets called "vector" because they transmit disease and cause public health concern such as rodent, cockroaches, mildew, algae, plants insects, flies, bacteria, ticks, weed, weevil larvae, birds, bedbugs, fleas and etc.

PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL.

Identify, reduce or eliminate pest or vector populations in any given situation.

WHAT IS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)?

IPM is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices and sound solutions for treating and controlling pests. Three basic steps is inspection, identification and treatment. Treatment options vary from sealing cracks and removing food and water resources to pesticides treatments when necessary.

IPM DEFINITION.....

"Optimum combination of control methods including biological, cultural, mechanical, physical or chemical control to reduce pest populations to an economical acceptable level with as few harmful effects as possible on the environment and non-target organisms."

R.L. Hix, CA Agric. Magazine, 55:4 (2001)

CONTROL METHOD.

• Physical control such as fly screens or trapping.
• Cultural control such as improving ventilation, hygiene and sanitation.
• Biological control such as parasites or predators to eradicate a particular pest.
• Chemical control such as appropriate pesticides.

WHY USE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)?

• prevent the spread of disease.
• to prevent wastage of food.
• to prevent damage.
• to comply with the law, eg: Pesticides Act 1974 ( Pest Control Operators ) Rules 2004, Plant Quarantine Act 1976, Plant Quarantine Regulations 1981.

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